On September 11, 1940 George Stibitz was able to transmit problems using teletype to his Complex Number Calculator in New York and receive the computed results back at Dartmouth College in New Hampshire. This configuration of a centralized computer or mainframe with remote dumb terminals remained popular throughout the 1950s.
In 1832, James Lindsay gave a classroom demonstration of wireless telegraphy to his students. By 1854 he was able to demonstrate a transmission across the Firth of Tay from Dundee to Woodhaven, a distance of two miles, using water as the transmission medium. In December 1901, Guglielmo Marconi established wireless
The first commercial electrical telegraph was constructed by Sir Charles Wheatstone and Sir William Fothergill Cooke and opened on 9 April 1839. Both Wheatstone and Cooke viewed their device as “an improvement to the [existing] electromagnetic telegraph” not as a new device. On the other side of the Atlantic Ocean,
Telecommunication is the transmission of signals over a distance for the purpose of communication. In modern times, this process almost always involves the sending of electromagnetic waves by electronic transmitters but in earlier years it may have involved the use of smoke signals, drums or semaphore. Today, telecommunication is widespread
Electric energy is produced at electric power generating stations and transported over high-voltage transmission lines to utilization points. The trend toward using higher voltages is motivated by the increased line capacity while reducing line losses per unit of power transmitted. The reduction in losses is significant and is an important
Circuit analysis refers to characterizing the current flowing through and voltage across every circuit element within a given circuit. Some general rules apply when analyzing any circuit with any number of elements. However, before discussing this rules, we need to define other terms that are commonly used in circuit analysis
As a practicing engineer, you will work on projects that require a wide range of different engineers and engineering disciplines. Communication among those engineers will be vital to the successful completion of the project. You will be in a better position to communicate with the engineers working on electrical systems
Degradation of insulating materials due to Degradation in surface quality (pollution). Excessive temperature. Partial discharge in the vacuoles (micro pockets) inside the insulating materials. Accidental reduction in electrical insulation (presence of animals, tree branches, tools left by carelessness on a bus bar, etc.). Destruction due to external causes (hit by
Short-circuits can be defined according to three main characteristics: – Their origin: They may be mechanical: breakdown of conductors or accidental electrical connection between two conductors via a foreign body such as a tool or animal. They may be electrical: following the degradation of the insulation between phases, or between
