Closed-Loop Control Systems is also known as Feedback Control Systems. Disadvantages of open loop control system are corrected through the close loop control system. The input transducer converts the form of the input to the form used by the controller. An output transducer, or sensor, measures the output response and
Year: 2015
Open loop system is also known as non-feedback system. An open-loop control system is shown in Fig. It starts with a subsystem called an input transducer, which converts the form of the input to that used by the controller. The controller drives a process or a plant. The input is
With control systems we can move large equipment with precision that would otherwise be impossible. We can point huge antennas toward the farthest reaches of the universe to pick up faint radio signals; controlling these antennas by hand would be impossible. Because of control systems, elevators carry us quickly to
Coils, inductors, and chokes are the names used to indicate a coil of wire. “Inductor” is preferred because inductors have inductance, a property that is utilized in many electrical circuits. FIXED INDUCTORS The simplest coil or inductor has an air core and is made by winding a wire in a
The capacitor is used in many electric circuits in both electronics and in air conditioning and refrigeration circuits. Two types of capacitors are used in these circuits: fixed and variable. FIXED CAPACITORS The fixed capacitor is made for a certain value and is not adjustable. The fixed capacitor is divided
The resistor is the most widely used electrical and electronic device. Every radio, television set, and control circuit has a resistor or resistors. This component is used to provide resistance. It is designed to be used at a fixed value or as a variable-value device. FIXED RESISTORS The fixed resistor
The five most important sources of electricity for technicians are chemical action, heat, light, pressure, and magnetism. 1) CHEMICAL ACTION In the electrical and electronics fields, battery is the backup source of electricity. Batteries produce electrical energy by a chemical action. 2) HEAT Heat can be used to free electrons
Unlike in square wave inverters the switches of PWM inverters are turned on and off at significantly higher frequencies than the fundamental frequency of the output voltage waveform. The typical pole voltage waveform of a PWM inverter is shown in below figure over one cycle of output voltage. In a
Pulse width modulated (PWM) inverters are among the most used power-electronic circuits in practical applications. These inverters are capable of producing ac voltages of variable magnitude as well as variable frequency. The quality of output voltage can also be greatly enhanced, when compared with those of square wave inverters. The
In a single-phase ac circuit, instantaneous power to a load is of a pulsating nature. Even at unity power factor (i.e., when the voltage and the current are in phase with respect to each other), the instantaneous power is less than unity (i.e., when the voltage and the current are
