The design of new substations has the advantage of starting with a blank sheet of paper. The new substation will typically have many IEDs for different functions, and the majority of operational data for the SCADA system will come from these IEDs. The IEDs will be integrated with digital two-way
Year: 2014
The following additional design trade-offs are available to the system engineer: NUMBER OF BLADES This is the first determination the design engineer must make. Wind machines have been built with the number of blades ranging from 2 to 40 or more. The high number of blades was used in old
The wind power system is comprised of one or more units, operating electrically in parallel, having the following components: The tower. The wind turbine with two or three blades. The yaw mechanism such as the tail vane. The mechanical gear. The electrical generator. The speed sensors and control. The modern
Electric power is one of the mainstays of our lives and the life of our nation. It differentiates advanced societies from third world nations. It touches almost every facet of our lives: our homes, our businesses, our schools, our transportation, and our leisure time. It is there when we are
An electrical power substation is a conversion point between transmission level voltages (such as 138 KV) and distribution level voltages (such as 11 KV). A substation has one or more step-down transformers and serves a regional area such as part of a city or neighborhood. Substations are connected to each
MEASUREMENT: The set of operations having the object of determining the value of a quantity. MEASURAND: A quantity subject to measurement. METROLOGY: The field of knowledge concerned with measurement. This term covers all aspects both theoretical and practical with reference to measurement, whatever their level of accuracy, and in whatever
Generally, Fixed Shunt Reactors are designed and located in a way to be connected to the network most of the time. However, lately it is often required by the electrical utilities to perform automatic switching in/out operations on Switchable Fixed Shunt Reactors by monitoring the bus-bar voltage level. Figure 8-1
Compared to shunt reactors with a fixed rating, Variable Shunt Reactors provide several benefits to the operators. Customer values and applications of VSRs are as follows. To reduce voltage spikes in the network resulting from switching in and out the Fixed Shunt Reactors; especially in networks with low short circuit
The Shunt Reactor is a consumer of reactive power. In some applications there is a need to consume the inductive reactive power in steps. In such a case, several shunt reactor units are needed to connect and disconnect frequently which requires more circuit breakers and foot prints at substation. Instead
Fixed Shunt Reactors have been traditionally used in transmission and distribution systems for many years. The reason that it is called Fixed Shunt Reactor is that its rated reactive power consumption is approximately constant; in other words, it has a fixed reactance (XR). The inductive reactive power which is consumed
