Author name: Engr. Aneel Kumar

Voltage stability is defined by the System Dynamic Performance Subcommittee of the IEEE Power System Engineering Committee as being the ability of a system to maintain voltage such that when load admittance is increased, load power will increase, and so that both power and voltage are controllable. Also, voltage collapse is defined as being the […]

Outage of one or more power system components due to the overload may result in overload of other elements in the system. If the overload is not alleviated in time, the process of power system cascading may start, leading to power system separation. When a power system separates, islands with an imbalance between generation and

Every time a fault or a topological change affects the power balance in the system, the instantaneous power imbalance creates oscillations between the machines. Stable oscillations lead to transition from one (pre-fault) to another (post-fault) equilibrium point, whereas unstable ones allow machines to oscillate beyond the acceptable range. If the oscillations are large, the stations’

As can be seen from Fig. 9.33, step distance protection does not offer instantaneous clearing of faults over 100% of the line segment. In most cases this is unacceptable due to system stability considerations. To cover the 10–20% of the line not covered by Zone 1, the information regarding the location of the fault is

A) RELIABILITY Reliability, in system protection parlance, has special definitions which differ from the usual planning or operating usage. A relay can miss-operate in two ways: it can fail to operate when it is required to do so, or it can operate when it is not required or desirable for it to do so. To

The study of transmission line protection presents many fundamental relaying considerations that apply, in one degree or another, to the protection of other types of power system protection. Each electrical element, of course, will have problems unique to itself, but the concepts of reliability, selectivity, local and remote backup, zones of protection, coordination and speed

The latest technological leap in generator protection has been the release of digital multifunction relays by various manufacturers. With more sophisticated characteristics being available through software algorithms, generator protective function characteristics can be improved. Therefore, multifunction relays have many advantages, most of which stem from the technology on which they are based. IMPROVEMENTS IN SIGNAL

A number of methods for isolating a generator once a fault has been detected are commonly being implemented. They fall into four groups: • Simultaneous tripping involves simultaneously shutting the prime mover down by closing its valves and opening the field and generator breakers. This technique is highly recommended for severe internal generator faults. •

A number of catastrophic failures have occurred in the past when synchronous generators have been accidentally energized while at standstill. Among the causes for such incidents were human errors, breaker flashover, or control circuitry malfunction. A number of protection schemes have been devised to protect the generator against inadvertent energization. The basic principle is to

In an apparatus protection perspective, generators constitute a special class of power network equipment because faults are very rare but can be highly destructive and therefore very costly when they occur. If for most utilities, generation integrity must be preserved by avoiding erroneous tripping, removing a generator in case of a serious fault is also