August 2014

Electric power is one of the mainstays of our lives and the life of our nation. It differentiates advanced societies from third world nations. It touches almost every facet of our lives: our homes, our businesses, our schools, our transportation, and our leisure time. It is there when we are born, and it is there […]

An electrical power substation is a conversion point between transmission level voltages (such as 138 KV) and distribution level voltages (such as 11 KV). A substation has one or more step-down transformers and serves a regional area such as part of a city or neighborhood. Substations are connected to each other by the transmission ring

MEASUREMENT: The set of operations having the object of determining the value of a quantity. MEASURAND: A quantity subject to measurement. METROLOGY: The field of knowledge concerned with measurement. This term covers all aspects both theoretical and practical with reference to measurement, whatever their level of accuracy, and in whatever field of science or technology

Generally, Fixed Shunt Reactors are designed and located in a way to be connected to the network most of the time. However, lately it is often required by the electrical utilities to perform automatic switching in/out operations on Switchable Fixed Shunt Reactors by monitoring the bus-bar voltage level. Figure 8-1 illustrates a typical Switchable Fixed

Compared to shunt reactors with a fixed rating, Variable Shunt Reactors provide several benefits to the operators. Customer values and applications of VSRs are as follows. To reduce voltage spikes in the network resulting from switching in and out the Fixed Shunt Reactors; especially in networks with low short circuit power. Generally, switching Fixed Shunt

The Shunt Reactor is a consumer of reactive power. In some applications there is a need to consume the inductive reactive power in steps. In such a case, several shunt reactor units are needed to connect and disconnect frequently which requires more circuit breakers and foot prints at substation. Instead of having several units, one

Fixed Shunt Reactors have been traditionally used in transmission and distribution systems for many years. The reason that it is called Fixed Shunt Reactor is that its rated reactive power consumption is approximately constant; in other words, it has a fixed reactance (XR). The inductive reactive power which is consumed by Reactor can be calculated

Viewed externally in the substation yard, a large high voltage Reactor does not differ much from a transformer. The easiest way to distinguish a Reactor from a transformer is to observe its terminals and bushings on top of the device. To explain more, contrary to a 3-phase transformer which has three primary and three secondary

When the load varies in the system, the consumption of reactive power changes, and consequently the voltage fluctuates on the line. In order to control and correct the voltage fluctuations, there are several voltage regulating devices that are used in the power system; which are briefly described as follows: 1. Synchronous Generators: Synchronous generators are

According to definitions given by IEEE, voltage stability refers to the ability of a power system to maintain steady voltages at all buses in the system after being subjected to a disturbance from a given initial operating condition. By definition, voltage collapse is the process by which the sequence of events accompanying voltage instability leads