May 2014

The term load losses represents the losses in the transformer that result from the flow of load current in the windings. Load losses are composed of the following elements. Resistance losses as the current flows through the resistance of the conductors and leads. Eddy losses caused by the leakage field. These are a function of […]

Several types of memory are used in computers: Such as Read-and-write memory (RAM), Read-only memory (ROM) and Mass storage. RAM Read-and-write memory (RAM) is used for storing data, instructions, and results during execution of a program. Semiconductor RAM consists of one or more silicon integrated circuits (each of which has many storage cells) and control logic

The NiMH battery is considered to be a successor to the long-time market dominator the Nickel Cadmium (Ni-Cd) battery system. These cells have been in existence since the turn of the century. The Ni-Cd battery system started with a modest beginning, but with significant advances in the last four decades since the 1950s, the specific

Lithium-polymer batteries are the fourth most likely type of battery to be commercialized for EV applications. The discovery of nonmetallic solids capable of conducting ions has allowed for the development of these batteries. Lithium-polymer batteries have anodes made of either lithium or carbon intercalated with lithium. One candidate cathode under evaluation contains vanadium oxide. This

A battery cell consists of five major components: (1) electrodes (2) separators (3) terminals (4) electrolyte (5) a case or enclosure Battery cells are grouped together into a single mechanical and electrical unit called a battery module. These modules are electrically connected to form a battery pack, which powers the electronic drive systems. There are

The operation of an EV is similar to that of an internal combustion vehicle. An ignition key or numeric keypad is used to power up the vehicle’s instrumentation panels and electronic control module (ECM). A gearshift placed in Drive or Reverse engages the vehicle. When the brake pedal is released, the vehicle may creep in

The type of Energy Audit to be performed depends on: Function and type of industry Depth to which final audit is needed, and Potential and magnitude of cost reduction desired Thus Energy Audit can be classified into the following two types. Preliminary Audit & Detailed Audit 1) PRELIMINARY ENERGY AUDIT METHODOLOGY Preliminary energy audit is

In any industry, the three top operating expenses are often found to be energy (both electrical and thermal), labor and materials. If one were to relate to the manageability of the cost or potential cost savings in each of the above components, energy would invariably emerge as a top ranker, and thus energy management function

There are broadly two sources of losses in transformers on load, these being copper losses and iron losses. (A) Copper losses are variable and result in a heating of the conductors, due to the fact that they possess resistance. If R1 and R2 are the primary and secondary winding resistances then the total copper loss

All analogue electrical indicating instruments require three essential devices: (a) A DEFLECTING OR OPERATING DEVICE: A mechanical force is produced by the current or voltage which causes the pointer to deflect from its zero position. (b) A CONTROLLING DEVICE: The controlling force acts in opposition to the deflecting force and ensures that the deflection shown on the