Each bus in the system has four variables: voltage magnitude, voltage angle, real power and reactive power. During the operation…

GS method is very useful for very small systems. It is easily adoptable, it can be generalized and it is…

Load flow studies are important in planning and designing future expansion of power systems. The study gives steady state solutions…

Electric circuit theorems are always beneficial to help find voltage and currents in multi loop circuits. These theorems use fundamental…

This theorem applies to networks containing linear bilateral elements and a single voltage source or a single current source. This…

The statements of Kirchhoff’s laws are shown in Art. For DC networks except that instead of algebraic sum of currents…

Following are few characteristics of Moving Coil Meter Movement. (1) Full-scale deflection current (Im), (2) Internal resistance of the coil…

All instruments, whether electrical or electronic, are calibrated at the time of manufacture against a measurement standard. 1. INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS…

Electrical isolation by means of transformers is needed in switch-mode dc power supplies for three reasons: SAFETY: It is necessary…

There are several deleterious effects of high distortion in the current waveform and the poor power factor that results due…