Author name: Engr. Aneel Kumar

Feedback is used to reduce the error between the reference input and the system output. Feedback also has effects on such system performance characteristics as stability, bandwidth, overall gain, impedance, and sensitivity. Feedback affects the gain G of a non-feedback system by a factor of 1 + GH. The system of Fig. give below is […]

Closed-Loop Control Systems is also known as Feedback Control Systems. Disadvantages of open loop control system are corrected through the close loop control system. The input transducer converts the form of the input to the form used by the controller. An output transducer, or sensor, measures the output response and converts it into the form

Open loop system is also known as non-feedback system. An open-loop control system is shown in Fig. It starts with a subsystem called an input transducer, which converts the form of the input to that used by the controller. The controller drives a process or a plant. The input is sometimes called the reference, while

With control systems we can move large equipment with precision that would otherwise be impossible.  We can point huge antennas toward the farthest reaches of the universe to pick up faint radio signals; controlling these antennas by hand would be impossible.  Because of control systems, elevators carry us quickly to our destination, automatically stopping at

Coils, inductors, and chokes are the names used to indicate a coil of wire. “Inductor” is preferred because inductors have inductance, a property that is utilized in many electrical circuits. FIXED INDUCTORS The simplest coil or inductor has an air core and is made by winding a wire in a series of loops, which may

The capacitor is used in many electric circuits in both electronics and in air conditioning and refrigeration circuits. Two types of capacitors are used in these circuits: fixed and variable. FIXED CAPACITORS The fixed capacitor is made for a certain value and is not adjustable. The fixed capacitor is divided into several groupings. It may

The resistor is the most widely used electrical and electronic device. Every radio, television set, and control circuit has a resistor or resistors. This component is used to provide resistance. It is designed to be used at a fixed value or as a variable-value device. FIXED RESISTORS The fixed resistor is the simpler of the

The five most important sources of electricity for technicians are chemical action, heat, light, pressure, and magnetism. 1) CHEMICAL ACTION In the electrical and electronics fields, battery is the backup source of electricity. Batteries produce electrical energy by a chemical action. 2) HEAT Heat can be used to free electrons from some metals and from

Unlike in square wave inverters the switches of PWM inverters are turned on and off at significantly higher frequencies than the fundamental frequency of the output voltage waveform. The typical pole voltage waveform of a PWM inverter is shown in below figure over one cycle of output voltage. In a three-phase inverter the other two

Pulse width modulated (PWM) inverters are among the most used power-electronic circuits in practical applications. These inverters are capable of producing ac voltages of variable magnitude as well as variable frequency. The quality of output voltage can also be greatly enhanced, when compared with those of square wave inverters. The PWM inverters are very commonly