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As the network becomes complex, application of Ohm’s law for solving the networks becomes tedious and hence time consuming. For solving such complex networks, we make use of Kirchhoff’s laws. Gustav Kirchhoff (1824-1887), an eminent German physicist, did a considerable amount of work on the principles governing the behaviour of electric circuits. He gave his […]

An active two-terminal element that supplies energy to a circuit is a source of energy. An ideal voltage source is a circuit element that maintains a prescribed voltage across the terminals regardless of the current flowing in those terminals. Similarly, an ideal current source is a circuit element that maintains a prescribed current through its

A SCADA System typically provides the following functions: • Comprehensive monitoring of primary and secondary plant • Secure control of primary plant • Supervision of secondary plant • Operator controlled display of non-SCADA data • Alarm management • Event logging • Sequence of events recording • Trend recording All functions must be provided with a

The slack or swing bus is usually a PV-bus with the largest capacity generator of the given system connected to it. The generator at the swing bus supplies the power difference between the “specified power into the system at the other buses” and the “total system output plus losses”. Thus swing bus is needed to

Each bus in the system has four variables: voltage magnitude, voltage angle, real power and reactive power. During the operation of the power system, each bus has two known variables and two unknowns. Generally, the bus must be classified as one of the following bus types: 1. SLACK OR SWING BUS This bus is considered

GS method is very useful for very small systems. It is easily adoptable, it can be generalized and it is very efficient for systems having less number of buses. However, GS LFA fails to converge in systems with one or more of the features as under: • Systems having large number of radial lines • Systems

Load flow studies are important in planning and designing future expansion of power systems. The study gives steady state solutions of the voltages at all the buses, for a particular load condition. Different steady state solutions can be obtained, for different operating conditions, to help in planning, design and operation of the power system. Generally,

Electric circuit theorems are always beneficial to help find voltage and currents in multi loop circuits. These theorems use fundamental rules or formulas and basic equations of mathematics to analyze basic components of electrical or electronics parameters such as voltages, currents, resistance, and so on. These fundamental theorems include the basic theorems like Superposition theorem,

This theorem applies to networks containing linear bilateral elements and a single voltage source or a single current source. This theorem may be stated as follows: If a voltage source in branch A of a network causes a current of 1 branch B, then shifting the voltage source (but not its impedance) of branch B

The statements of Kirchhoff’s laws are shown in Art. For DC networks except that instead of algebraic sum of currents and voltages, we take phasors or vector sums for AC networks. 1. KIRCHHOFF’S CURRENT LAW: According to this law, in any electrical network, the phasors sum of the currents meeting at a junction is zero.