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Figures 5.1 and 5.2 illustrate the main components of a hydroelectric generating unit. The generating unit may have its shaft oriented in a vertical, horizontal, or inclined direction depending on the physical conditions of the site and the type of turbine applied. Figure 5.1 shows a typical vertical shaft Francis turbine unit and Figure 5.2 […]

1) Siting Hydroelectric plants are located in geographic areas where they will make economic use of hydraulic energy sources. Hydraulic energy is available wherever there is a flow of liquid and accumulated head. Head represents potential energy and is the vertical distance through which the fluid falls in the energy conversion process. The majority of

Hydroelectric power generation involves the storage of a hydraulic fluid, water, conversion of the hydraulic (potential) energy of the fluid into mechanical (kinetic) energy in a hydraulic turbine, and conversion of the mechanical energy to electrical energy in an electric generator. The first hydroelectric power plants came into service in the 1880s and now comprise

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A current-carrying coil produces a magnetic field that links its own turns. If the current in the coil changes the amount of magnetic flux linking the coil changes and, by Faraday’s law, an emf is produced in the coil. This emf is called a self-induced emf. Let the coil have N turns. Assume that the

Suppose we hook up an AC generator to a solenoid so that the wire in the solenoid carries AC. Call this solenoid the primary coil. Next place a second solenoid connected to an AC voltmeter near the primary coil so that it is coaxial with the primary coil. Call this second solenoid the secondary coil.

Since the equivalent circuit contains two winding resistances and a core-loss resistance then power is lost as heating energy inside the transformer. Hence the conversion of power through the transformer cannot be 100%, a small loss of efficiency occurs. This is usually less than about 2% for power transformers. Assume all resistances and reactances are

A single-phase power system transformer consists basically of two windings wound onto an iron core. The iron core concentrates the flux and restricts it to a defined path. It also creates the maximum possible amount of flux for a given excitation. In order to maximize the mutual coupling the two windings are wound concentrically on

When the maximum kW rating of an induction motor is reached for direct-on-line starting, it becomes necessary to introduce an alternative method of starting the motor. There are several methods used in the oil industry. The object is to reduce the starting current drawn from the supply during all or part of the run-up period.

There are two important time periods that are critical in the application of induction motors. One is the allowable run-up or starting time and the other is the maximum stalling time. The run-up time is determined by the static torque versus speed characteristic, and the moment of inertia of the load. High inertia loads can