Power systems equipment must withstand not only the rated voltage (Vm), which corresponds to the highest voltage of a particular system, but also over voltages. Accordingly, it is necessary to test high voltages. Equipment during its development stage and prior to commissioning. The magnitude and type of test voltage varies
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• The slow speed salient pole alternators are ventilated by the fan action of the salient poles which provide circulating air. • Cylindrical rotor alternators are usually long, and the problem of air flow requires very special attention. • The cooling medium, air or hydrogen is cooled by passing over
Synchronous machines are principally used as alternating current (AC) generators. They supply the electric power used by all sectors of modern societies: industrial, commercial, agricultural, and domestic. Synchronous generators usually operate together (or in parallel), forming a large power system supplying electrical energy to the loads or consumers. Synchronous generators
Fig. (3.6) shows the voltage build up in a series generator. Here R1, R2 etc. represent the total circuit resistance (load resistance and field winding resistance). If the total circuit resistance is R1, then series generator will build up a voltage OL. The line OC is tangent to O.C.C. and
Voltage build up in a shunt generator depends upon field circuit resistance. If the field circuit resistance is R1 (line OA), then generator will build up a voltage OM as shown in Fig. (3.5). If the field circuit resistance is increased to R2 (tine OB), the generator will build up
The following are the three most important characteristics of a dc generator: 1. Open Circuit Characteristic (O.C.C.) This curve shows the relation between the generated emf at no-load (E0) and the field current (If) at constant speed. It is also known as magnetic characteristic or no-load saturation curve. Its shape
As in the case of generators motors may also be required to operate in parallel driving a common load. The benefits as well as the problems in both the cases are similar. As the two machines are coupled to a common load the speed of the load is the common
In the case of series operation the motors shafts of the two machines are connected to the same load and also the two armatures are series connected. This forces a common armature current through both the machines and the torques developed by the machines are proportional to the flux in
The negative charge of the electron is equal, but opposite to, the positive charge of the proton. These charges are referred to as electrostatic charges. In nature, unlike charges (like electrons and protons) attract each other, and like charges repel each other. These facts are known as the First Law
A thermionic energy converter is a device consisting of two electrodes placed near one another in a vacuum. One electrode is normally called the cathode, or emitter, and the other is called the anode, or plate. Ordinarily, electrons in the cathode are prevented from escaping from the surface by a
