THERMAL CONSIDERATIONS The losses in the windings and the core cause temperature rises in the materials. This is another important area in which the temperatures must be limited to the long-term capability of the insulating materials. Refined paper is still used as the primary solid insulation in power transformers. Highly refined mineral oil is still […]
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The term load losses represents the losses in the transformer that result from the flow of load current in the win dings. Load losses are composed of the following elements. Resistance losses as the current flows through the resistance of the conductors and leads. Eddy losses caused by the leakage field. These are a function
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Cathodic protection is the responsibility of the corrosion engineer or metallurgist. The subject is fundamentally reasonably simple to understand but can be extremely mathematical in its application. Direct current is arranged to flow out from the impressed anodes into the surrounding electrolyte, which is the sea water for offshore structures or the damp ground for
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In order to understand the function of protective relaying systems, one must be familiar with the nature and the modes of operation of an electric power system. Electric energy is one of the fundamental resources of modern industrial society. Electric power is available to the user instantly, at the correct voltage and frequency, and exactly
Navigation aids consist of the following equipment: 1. Flashing marker lights.2. Fog horns.3. Platform nameplates.4. Aircraft hazard lights.5. Helideck landing facilities.6. Radio communications and beacons.7. Radar.8. Echo-sounding and sonar. 1) FLASHING MARKER LIGHTS A typical requirement is that recommended by the British Department of Trade document ‘Standard Making Schedule for Offshore Installations’, 1. White and red
Normal lighting should provide approximately 75% of the total illumination an area of a plant that is densely filled with processing equipment and buildings. Sparsely filled areas such as road ways and perimeter fences can be fully illuminated with normal lighting, unless emergency escape routes exist in these areas. Emergency lighting should therefore provide between
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Inspection and testing of the purchased equipment is one of the most important tasks in the engineering of a project. Its importance is sometimes underestimated. The first serious tests that the purchaser will witness are those in the factory where the equipment is assembled. These tests will also include a physical inspection of the equipment.
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Oil industry equipment tends to be more robust than normal industrial equipment due to the often harsh and hostile environments in which it is expected to function without trouble for long periods of time. The indirect cost of equipment failures and outages is high and reliability is of paramount importance. An essential requirement is the
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The following format is reasonably typical of an equipment specification. Owners and purchasers, of course, have their particular style and preferences as to the order in which the paragraphs and clauses are placed in the specification document. Introduction. Scope of supply. Service and environmental conditions. Compliant international standards. Definition of technical and non-technical terms. Performance
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The main purpose of preparing a specification for an item of equipment is to ensure that the purchaser, who may also become the owner, obtains the equipment required, rather than what the supplier or manufacturer thinks the purchaser should have. In many situations the difference in perception of the requirements may be small and insignificant.
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