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Renewable energy sources are available free of cost, smooth during operationandclean source of energy. Renewable energy sourceshavelow operating and maintenance costand can be easily built.Solar and wind energy are almost widely used as the main renewable energy resource.Wind mills can be installed in bulk and later connected to national grid on commercial basis. On the […]

In this section of the report, nine essential elements that constitute an effective cable condition monitoring (CM) program are presented. These elements are as follows: 1. Selection of cables to be monitored 2. Development of database for monitored cables 3. Characterize and monitor service environments 4. Identify stressors and expected aging mechanisms 5. Select CM

1. Introduction The hybrid power system is a comprehensive electrical power supply system that can be easily configured to meet a broad range of power needs. Hybrid systems, like the name implies, combine two or more modes of electricity generation together, usually using renewable technologies such as solar photovoltaic (PV) and wind turbines. Hybrid systems

Wind turbines are classified according to the interaction of the blades with the wind, orientation of the rotor axis with respect to the ground and to the tower (upwind, downwind), and innovative or unusual types of machines. The interaction of the blades with the wind is by drag or lift or a combination of the

The terms ‘switchgear’ and ‘motor control centres’ are used in general to describe combinations of enclosures, bus bars, circuit breakers, power contactors, power fuses, protective relays, controls and indicating devices. The standards used in Europe often refer to IEC60050 for definitions of general terms. Particular IEC standards tend to give additional definitions that relate to

A DC uninterruptible power supply is basically a battery bank and a charger. However, it differs from a simple battery and charger system that may be associated with starting diesel engines, or similar rugged functions, because the output voltage must be maintained within a close tolerance of the nominal DC voltage. DC uninterruptible power supplies

Static inverters are used to convert DC voltage into AC voltage. The simplest forms of inverters produce an output waveform that is rectangular, as a result of the simple switching, rectangular waveform can be used to feed some types of AC equipment e.g. incandescent lamps, domestic equipment such as kitchen mixers and kettles. Equipment that

DC motors consist of one set of coils, called armature winding, inside another set of coils or a set of permanent magnets, called the stator. Applying a voltage to the coils produces a torque in the armature, resulting in motion. Stator The stator is the stationary outside part of a motor. The stator of a

The turbine-generator unit and related equipment are protected against mechanical, electrical, hydraulic, and thermal damage that may occur as a result of abnormal conditions within the plant or on the power system to which the plant is connected. Abnormal conditions are detected automatically by means of protective relays and other devices and measures are taken

A number of auxiliary systems and related controls are provided throughout the hydroelectric plant to support the operation of the generating units. These include the following: 1. Switchyard systems. 2. Alternating current (AC) station service. Depending on the size and criticality of the plant, multiple sources are often supplied, with emergency backup provided by a