Author name: Engr. Aneel Kumar

Harmonics has effect on measuring instruments in various ways 1. Error: Measuring instruments are calibrated on purely sinusoidal alternating current but they are used on a distorted electricity supply. This introduces error in measurement. 2. Sign of error: Sign of error depends on the magnitude and the direction of the harmonic power. 3. Harmonic torque: […]

Harmonics has effect on transmission line in various ways. 1. Skin effect and Proximity effect: these effects depend on frequency. Harmonics increase these effects. As a result effective ac resistance increases in presence of harmonics. 2. Loss: Additional harmonic current increases copper loss of transmission system and reduce power transmitting capacity. Copper loss is given

Harmonics has effect on Rotating Machines in various ways, e.g.: 1. Harmonic losses: Harmonic voltages or currents increase losses in the stator windings, rotor circuit, and stator and rotor lamination. Normally the losses in the stator and rotor conductors of A.C. machines are greater than those associated with the D.C. resistances due to the presence

The voltage magnitude and frequency of the AC electrical power generated by a wind turbine generator are usually variable due to the variation of the wind sources. Therefore, power electronic converters are commonly employed to convert the electrical power from the form generated by the wind turbine generator into the form required by the power

The main components of a wind power system are illustrated in Figure 28.1, which include a turbine rotor and blades, a yaw mechanism, a gearbox, a generator, a power electronic converter system, a transformer to connect the wind power system to a power grid, and a wind turbine generator control system. FIGURE 28.1 Main components

In virtually every engineering application there is a need for measuring some physical quantities, such as forces, stresses, temperatures, pressures, flows, or displacements. These measurements are performed by physical devices called sensors or transducers, which are capable of converting a physical quantity to a more readily manipulated electrical quantity. Most sensors, therefore, convert the change

Balancing authorities are responsible for the performance of the electric system is to ensure that at every moment of time there is sufficient generation to reliably supply the customer requirements and all associated delivery system losses. The process is complicated by the fact that the customer load changes continuously and, therefore, the generation must adjust

The electric utility industry over time developed planning, operating, and design standards to address customer expectations of reliable service. These standards were at first local in perspective but, as interties were built and the interdependent nature of the system became apparent, many of the standards were expanded to a regional and then a national perspective.

Reliability of a system is difficult to measure. Perhaps the best way is through evaluation of the consequences of possible consumer interruptions. Investigations have shown that the best measure of reliability is that of consumer reaction. Five conditions that have been identified impact the value an average consumer puts on an unsupplied megawatt-hour of lost