Author name: Engr. Aneel Kumar

The phenomenon of corona is affected by the physical state of the atmosphere as well as by the conditions of the line. The following are the factors upon which corona depends: (I) ATMOSPHERE: As corona is formed due to ionization of air surrounding the conductors, therefore, it is affected by the physical state of atmosphere. […]

Corona has many advantages and disadvantages. In the correct design of a high voltage overhead line, a balance should be struck between the advantages and disadvantages. ADVANTAGES (i) Due to corona formation, the air surrounding the conductor becomes conducting and hence virtual diameter of the conductor is increased. The increased diameter reduces the electrostatic stresses

It has been seen that intense corona effects are observed at a working voltage of 33 KV or above. Therefore, careful design should be made to avoid corona on the sub-stations or bus-bars rated for 33 KV and higher voltages otherwise highly ionized air may cause flash-over in the insulators or between the phases, causing

For high voltages (>33 KV), it is a usual practice to use suspension type insulators consist of a number of porcelain discs connected in series by metal links in the form of a string. The conductor is suspended at the bottom end of this string while the other end of the string is secured to

Lissajous figures (or patterns) are named in honor of the French scientist who first obtained them geometrically and optically. They illustrate one of the earliest uses to which the CRO was put. Lissajous patterns are formed when two sine waves are applied simultaneously to the vertical and horizontal deflecting plates of a CRO. The two

No other instrument in electronic industry is as versatile as a CRO. In fact, a modern oscilloscope is the most useful single piece of electronic equipment that not only removes guess work from technical troubleshooting but makes it possible to determine the trouble quickly. Some of its uses are as under: (A) IN RADIO WORK

It is the heart of an oscilloscope and is very similar to the picture tube in a television set. CONSTRUCTION The cross-sectional view of a general purpose electrostatic deflection CRT is shown in below Figure. Its four major components are: 1. An electron gun for producing a stream of electrons, 2. Focusing and accelerating anodes-

It is generally referred to as oscilloscope or scope and is the basic tool of an electronic engineer and technician as voltmeter; ammeter and watt meter are those of an electrical engineer or electrician. The CRO provides a two-dimensional visual display of the signal wave shape on a screen thereby allowing an electronic engineer to

The schematic diagram of a FET Volt Meter using difference amplifier is shown in Figure. The two FETs are identical so that increase in the current of one FET is offset by corresponding decrease in the source current of the other. The two FETs form the lower arms of the balanced bridge circuit whereas the

As shown Figure, an electronic instrument is made up of the following three elements: TRANSDUCER It is the first sensing element and is required only when measuring a non-electrical quantity, say, temperature or pressure. Its function is to convert the non-electrical physical quantity into an electrical signal. Of course, a transducer is not required if