The process of connecting neutral point of 3-phase system to earth (i.e. soil) either directly or through some circuit element (e.g. resistance, reactance etc.) is called neutral grounding. Neutral grounding provides protection to personal and equipment. It is because during earth fault, the current path is completed through the earthed neutral and the protective devices (e.g. a fuse etc.) operate to isolate the faulty conductor from the rest of the system. This point is illustrated in Figure.
Figure shows a 3-phase, star-connected system with neutral earthed (i.e. neutral point is connected to soil). Suppose a single line to ground fault occurs in line R at point F. This will cause the current to flow through ground path as shown in Figure. Note that current flows from R phase to earth, then to neutral point N and back to R-phase. Since the impedance of the current path is low, a large current flows through this path. This large current will blow the fuse in R-phase and isolate the faulty line R. This will protect the system from the harmful effects (e.g. damage to equipment, electric shock to personnel etc.) of the fault. One important feature of grounded neutral is that the potential difference between the live conductor and ground will not exceed the phase voltage of the system i.e. it will remain nearly constant.
ADVANTAGES OF NEUTRAL GROUNDING
The following are the advantages of neutral grounding:
(I) Voltages of the healthy phases do not exceed line to ground voltages i.e. they remain nearly constant.
(II) The high voltages due to arcing grounds are eliminated.
(III) The protective relays can be used to provide protection against earth faults. In case earth fault occurs on any line, the protective relay will operate to isolate the faulty line.
(IV) The over-voltages due to lightning are discharged to earth.
(V) It provides greater safety to personnel and equipment.
(VI) It provides improved service reliability.
(VII) Operating and maintenance expenditures are reduced.
Note: It is interesting to mention here that ungrounded neutral has the following advantages:
(I) In case of earth fault on one line, the two healthy phases will continue to supply load for a short period.
(II) Interference with communication lines is reduced because of the absence of zero sequence currents.
The advantages of ungrounded neutral system are of negligible importance as compared to the advantages of the grounded neutral system. Therefore, modern 3-phase systems operate with grounded neutral points.
Figure shows a 3-phase, star-connected system with neutral earthed (i.e. neutral point is connected to soil). Suppose a single line to ground fault occurs in line R at point F. This will cause the current to flow through ground path as shown in Figure. Note that current flows from R phase to earth, then to neutral point N and back to R-phase. Since the impedance of the current path is low, a large current flows through this path. This large current will blow the fuse in R-phase and isolate the faulty line R. This will protect the system from the harmful effects (e.g. damage to equipment, electric shock to personnel etc.) of the fault. One important feature of grounded neutral is that the potential difference between the live conductor and ground will not exceed the phase voltage of the system i.e. it will remain nearly constant.
ADVANTAGES OF NEUTRAL GROUNDING
The following are the advantages of neutral grounding:
(I) Voltages of the healthy phases do not exceed line to ground voltages i.e. they remain nearly constant.
(II) The high voltages due to arcing grounds are eliminated.
(III) The protective relays can be used to provide protection against earth faults. In case earth fault occurs on any line, the protective relay will operate to isolate the faulty line.
(IV) The over-voltages due to lightning are discharged to earth.
(V) It provides greater safety to personnel and equipment.
(VI) It provides improved service reliability.
(VII) Operating and maintenance expenditures are reduced.
Note: It is interesting to mention here that ungrounded neutral has the following advantages:
(I) In case of earth fault on one line, the two healthy phases will continue to supply load for a short period.
(II) Interference with communication lines is reduced because of the absence of zero sequence currents.
The advantages of ungrounded neutral system are of negligible importance as compared to the advantages of the grounded neutral system. Therefore, modern 3-phase systems operate with grounded neutral points.