The plasma chambers suspend the silicon and the phosphorus or boron molecules in a gaseous state. This mixture is pushed into a chamber which has electrodes at the top and bottom. When the electrodes are charged an electric field is produced between them. The electric field removes some of the electrons from the mixture so creating a gas of positively charged ions, a plasma. A stainless steel or glass sheet with an indium/tin oxide layer is passed into the chamber and between the electrodes. The plasma-like gas deposits charged particles on to the uncharged surface of the steel or glass substrate. Depending upon the chemical nature of the gaseous mixture fed into the chamber, one of the three layers which make up the photovoltaic cell will be formed. The thickness of the layers depends on the speed at which the sub state passes through the chamber, and the size of the chamber.
Breaker Schemes in Substations — Types, Design, Advantages, Disadvantages, and Comparison Author: Engr. Aneel Kumar Figure 1: Infographic overview of breaker schemes commonly used in substations. Introduction The breaker scheme or busbar arrangement in a substation defines how incoming feeders, outgoing feeders, and power transformers are connected to the bus. The choice of scheme has a direct impact on system reliability, maintainability, safety, and cost . A simple bus scheme is economical but vulnerable to outages, while advanced schemes such as breaker-and-a-half or double-bus/double-breaker provide very high reliability but at much higher cost and design complexity. Engineers select breaker schemes considering fault tolerance, maintenance needs, space requirements, expansion possibilities, protection coordination, and capital investment . Below, we explain eac...
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