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The huge cost and the fact that the system must literally extend everywhere that the utility does business, means that many people view the power system as the electric utility itself. But in addition to that power system, electric utilities also employ numerous very skilled workers and specialists without whom that power system could not […]

Distribution lines, called feeders, take power from each substation and route it to every neighborhood. Feeders are most often built on wooden poles, as shown in Figure 1.1 and carry from one to four wires depending on the voltage, type, and amount of power they are designed to carry. At periodic locations along each feeder,

The bulk power produced at a generating plant is moved to where it is needed over bulk power transmission lines. Each transmission line operates at relatively high voltages, somewhere between 35,000 volts (35 kV) and 750,000 volts (750 KV) depending on design. Higher voltage lines cost more, require bigger towers and equipment and thus have

There was and still is a tremendous economy of scale in nearly every aspect of power systems equipment. If a particular type and size of generator is efficient (i.e., produces power at an economical cost), a larger one of the same type will be still more efficient a giant, “economy size” generator. Similarly, larger, high-voltage

Electric power does not exist naturally. It must be produced by machinery that turns some other form of energy into electricity. That other form of energy can be heat from burning coal, oil, natural gas, bio waste, or nuclear fission; sunlight; wind or water currents; or falling water. Machinery a power generator converts this energy

Traditionally, the term electric utility denoted a vertically-integrated company operating under a monopoly franchise. Vertically integrated meant it performed all of the functions involved to produce and sell electric power for an area of the country be that only a small town, or a region consisting of several states. Under regulation, this local electric utility

A diode is a 2 lead semiconductor that acts as a one way gate to electron flow.Diode allows current to pass in only one direction. A PN junction diode is formed by joining together n-type and p-type silicon. In practice, as the n-type Si crystal is being grown, the process is abruptly altered to grow

A micro controller differs from a microprocessor in many ways. The first and most important difference is its functionality. In order the microprocessor may be used, other components such as memory or components for data transfer must be added to it. Even though the microprocessor is considered to be a powerful computer machine, the weak

Pocket pagers (low-power, interprets characters, user interface) Cameras (low-power, exposure and focus control, user interface) “Levelmeter“ (measures angle, audible and visual user interface) Keyboard controllers (scanning, debounce, autorepeat, diagnostics) Modems (one for data transmission, on for command processing) Plotters (command interpretation, encoders, motor control) Color copiers (paper positioning, color exposure, sensors) Charge card pay phones

Electrical power system harmonic problems are mainly due to the substantial increase of non-linear loads due to the technological advances, such as the use of power electronic circuits and devices, in ac/dc transmission links or loads in the control of power systems using power electronics or microprocessor controllers. Such equipments create load-generated harmonics throughout the