Discrete-time signals are functions defined on the integers; they are sequences. One of the fundamental results of signal theory will…

The basic idea of communication engineering is to use a signal’s parameters to represent either real numbers or other signals.…

A major application of electric energy is in its conversion to mechanical energy. Electromagnetic, or “EM” devices designed for this…

COLD LOAD PICKUP Following periods of extended service interruption, the advantages provided by load diversity are often lost. The term…

Multi-function or extended function refers to a meter that can measure reactive or apparent power (e.g., kvar or kVA) in…

Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA) is the foundation for the distribution automation system. The ability to remotely monitor and…

The implementation of “distribution automation” within the continental U.S. is as diverse and numerous as the utilities themselves. Particular strategies…

There are essentially two approaches to load modeling: component based and measurement based. Load modeling research over the years has…

The most common classification of electrical loads follows the billing categories used by the utility companies. This classification includes residential,…

Instrument transformers are the general name for members of the family of current transformers (CTs) and voltage transformers (VTs) used…