Author name: Engr. Aneel Kumar

The Shunt Reactor is a consumer of reactive power. In some applications there is a need to consume the inductive reactive power in steps. In such a case, several shunt reactor units are needed to connect and disconnect frequently which requires more circuit breakers and foot prints at substation. Instead of having several units, one […]

Fixed Shunt Reactors have been traditionally used in transmission and distribution systems for many years. The reason that it is called Fixed Shunt Reactor is that its rated reactive power consumption is approximately constant; in other words, it has a fixed reactance (XR). The inductive reactive power which is consumed by Reactor can be calculated

Viewed externally in the substation yard, a large high voltage Reactor does not differ much from a transformer. The easiest way to distinguish a Reactor from a transformer is to observe its terminals and bushings on top of the device. To explain more, contrary to a 3-phase transformer which has three primary and three secondary

When the load varies in the system, the consumption of reactive power changes, and consequently the voltage fluctuates on the line. In order to control and correct the voltage fluctuations, there are several voltage regulating devices that are used in the power system; which are briefly described as follows: 1. Synchronous Generators: Synchronous generators are

According to definitions given by IEEE, voltage stability refers to the ability of a power system to maintain steady voltages at all buses in the system after being subjected to a disturbance from a given initial operating condition. By definition, voltage collapse is the process by which the sequence of events accompanying voltage instability leads

Generally in an electric circuit, the rate of energy flow in a specific point of the circuit is called power. In Alternating Current (AC) circuits, there are energy storage elements such as capacitance and inductance which can periodically reverse the direction of energy flow. Active Power (P) is known as the part of power that

Per unit quantities, like percentage quantities, are actually fractional quantities of a reference quantity. These have a lot of importance as per unit quantities of parameters tend to have similar values even when the system voltage and rating change drastically. The per unit system permits multiplication and division in addition to addition and subtraction without

The main network components of interest are the transmission lines, transformers, and synchronous machines. (a) The conductors of a transmission line, being passive and stationary, do not have an inherent direction. Thus they always have the same positive sequence impedance and negative sequence impedance. However, as the zero sequence path also involves the earth wire

The following assumptions are usually made in fault analysis in three phase transmission lines. All sources are balanced and equal in magnitude & phase. Sources represented by the Thevenin’s voltage prior to fault at the fault point. Large systems may be represented by an infinite bus-bars. Transformers are on nominal tap position. Resistances are negligible

Unbalanced three phase systems can be split into three balanced components, namely Positive Sequence (balanced and having the same phase sequence as the unbalanced supply), Negative Sequence (balanced and having the opposite phase sequence to the unbalanced supply) and Zero Sequence (balanced but having the same phase and hence no phase sequence). These are known