WHAT IS SERVERS AND WORKSTATIONS AND HOSTS

A typical network involves having users sit at workstations, running such applications as word processors or spreadsheet programs. The workstation also is known as a client, which is just a basic computer running a client operating system such as Windows XP or Linux. These users typically store their files on a central server so that they can share the files with other users on the network. The server is a special computer that contains more disk space and memory than are found on client workstations. The server has special software installed that allows it to function as a server. This special software can provide file and print services (to allow sharing of files and printers), provide web pages to clients, or provide e-mail functionality to the company.

The term host refers to any computer or device that is connected to a network and sends or receives information on that network. A host can be a server, a workstation, a printer with its own network card, or a device such as a router. We can summarize by saying that any system or device that is connected to the network is known as a host.

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BREAKDOWN VOLTAGE AND DIELECTRIC STRENGTH

An insulator or dielectric is a substance within which there are no mobile electrons necessary for electric conduction. However, when the voltage applied to such an insulator exceeds a certain value, then it breaks down and allows a heavy electric current (much larger than the usual leakage current) to flow through it. If the insulator is a solid medium, it gets punctured or cracked. The disruptive or breakdown voltage of an insulator is the minimum voltage required to break it down. Dielectric strength of an insulator or dielectric medium is given by the maximum potential difference which a unit thickness of the medium can withstand without breaking down. In other words, the dielectric strength is given by the potential gradient necessary to cause breakdown of an insulator. Its unit is volt/meter (V/m) although it is usually expressed in KV/mm. For example, when we say that the dielectric strength of air is 3 KV/mm, then it means that the maximum PD which one mm thickness of ...

Advantages of Per Unit System in Power System Analysis | Electrical Engineering

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TYPES OF SINGLE PHASE MOTORS

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PRIMARY SECONDARY AND TERTIARY FREQUENCY CONTROL IN POWER SYSTEMS

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THE HISTORY OF PHOTOVOLTAIC TECHNOLOGY

The first solar cell was created in 1883. It was inefficient by today’s standards, converting only 1–2% of sunlight into electricity. The breakthrough in solar cell technology came in 1954 when researchers at Bell Laboratories stumbled across the photo voltaic (or PV) properties of silicon while experimenting with new transistor technologies. Three years later, PV research began in earnest to develop an independent solar energy source for space technologies. Thanks to continuing research, modern commercial PV cells have improved to 11–15% efficiency. Historically, PV has been used extensively in areas that are not served by a power grid. As PV prices have dropped, and grid energy has become more expensive, PV systems are increasingly used in grid-tied applications. A solar electric or PV cell uses a semiconductor material similar to that used in computer chips to absorb sunlight and convert it into electricity. Multiple solar cells are linked together to form a module or panel. Multipl...

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